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Anal cancer diagnosis Written by Ivan Jurchenko on March 29th 2009 at 20:30 pm
Anal cancer is responsible for around 1.6% of digestive system malignancies with 3,990 new cases estimated in the United States in 2005 . Anal carcinoma was formerly believed to be caused by confirmed inflammation of the anal canal and treated with abdominoperineal resection (APR). Research has now shown that the growth of anal cancer is associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and has a pathophysiology much the same to that of cervical cancer. Most anal tumours ensue from the epidermal elements of the anal canal lining (squamous cell—85% of anal tumours), though some arise from the glandular mucosa of the uppermost part of the anal canal or from the anal ducts and glands (adenocarcinomas—10% of
Diagnosis of anal cancer is based on :
- Clinical symptoms. - A manual rectal examamination. - Biopsy. - Anal PAP smear. - Colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy. - Rigid proctosigmoidoscopy. - Endoanal ultrasound. - Ultrasound. - Computed tomography (CT) scan. - Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). - Chest x-ray. - Positron emission tomography (PET).
Patients can present with symptoms of :
- Warts on the anus or genitals. - "Sores" or "bumps" around the anus or in the anal canal. - Itching in and around the anus. - Discharge or bleeding from the anus. - Pain or pressure around the anus. - Painful areas around the anus in the deficiency of visible bumps or lesions. - Unclosed sores around the anus that don't cure. - A history of HPV infection.
Prognosis based on series of 270 patients, the five year survival by stage was : T1 — 86 percent Node-positive — 54 percent Keep In Mind, the sooner you obtain a correct diagnosis, the sooner you can begin medication, and the more effectual your medication will be. Source : http://www.medmodern.com Literature : 1. MD Anderson Surgical Oncology Handbook, The, 4th Edition . Editors: Feig, Barry W.; Berger, David H.; Fuhrman, George M. 2. Oxford Handbook of Oncology . Editors : Jim Cassidy , Donald Bissett , Roy AJ Spence OBE 3. HARRISON’S Manual of Oncology . Editors : Bruce A. Chabner , Thomas J. Lynch , Dan L. Longo .
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